Case Study

Empire State Building

New York City icon reaches for carbon neutrality

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Baseline Assessment Engineering Solutions Business Case

The Empire State Building has been an integral part of the NYC skyline since 1931. The 102-story art deco structure totaling 2.8 million gross square feet is heated by district steam.

Following a deep energy retrofit initiated in 2009, Empire State Realty Trust (ESRT) has taken a step further with ESB 2.0, a groundbreaking, comprehensive plan to bring the iconic building to net zero. Empire State Realty Trust and their team of consultants developed a phased roadmap for its entire commercial portfolio that strategically deploys energy conservation and decarbonization measures through 2035. ESRT will optimize existing systems, maximize energy recovery, and enable heat pump integration to decrease steam and electricity consumption.

By 2035, ESRT portfolio will target net zero through an 80% operational carbon reduction, achieved through a combination of energy efficiency measures, a renewable sourced grid, and a 20% offset with off-site clean energy generation and renewable energy certificates (RECs).

Project Status

Planning

Under Construction

Monitoring & Evaluation

Project Highlights

Emissions Reductions

54%

Since 2009, ESRT has reduced emissions at the Empire State Building by 54% and counting through its industry-leading strategic decarbonization planning.

Lesson Learned

Consistent rollout of high-performance standards is crucial. Key internal and external service providers require technical oversight to ensure all their work supports energy and carbon efficiency goals.

Testimonial

“The Empire State Building is as innovative today as it was the day it was built and serves as the international beacon of the possibilities within the built environment to prove the business case to reduce carbon emissions. This important partnership between New York State and commercial real estate leaders creates local jobs, drives technological innovation, improves our communities, and stands as an example for climate-friendly retrofits.”

Tony Malkin
Chairman, President, and CEO
Empire State Realty Trust

Emissions Reductions

75%

By 2035, this plan is projected to reduce energy use intensity by 40% and carbon emissions by 75% from 2019 baseline, assuming the grid decarbonizes according to New York State’s CLCPA goals.

Step 1

Step 1: Examine Current Conditions

A baseline assessment is key to understanding current systems and performance, then identifying conditions, requirements or events that will trigger a decarbonization effort. The assessment looks across technical systems, asset strategy and sectoral factors.

Building System Conditions

Equipment nearing end-of-life
Tenant load change
Comfort improvements
Resilience upgrades
Efficiency improvements

Asset Conditions

Tenant turnover/vacancy
Carbon emissions limits
Tenant sustainability demands
Owner sustainability goals

Market Conditions

Technology improves
Market demand changes
Market supply changes
Policy changes

Learn More

To establish a “business-as-usual” baseline scenario, the project team meticulously evaluated the current operational conditions and systems within the Empire State Building. This comprehensive review included:

The building’s operating schedule
Building and energy management systems
Cooling, heating, and ventilation systems
Lighting, plug loads, and tenant IT loads
Domestic hot water systems
The building envelope system

For a precise evaluation, the team analyzed the building’s utility data from the baseline year of 2019. This analysis aimed to dissect energy consumption, utility expenses, and resultant carbon emissions across different fuel types, including gas, steam, and electricity.

In addition to assessing the building’s physical baseline conditions, the team identified several key factors motivating the need for strategic decarbonization initiatives:

The technical and economic imperative to align with municipal and state climate objectives set for 2024, 2030, 2035, and 2050
- Specifically relevant was the necessity to avoid penalties linked to Local Law 97 (LL97),
Commitments to the electrical grid
Upcoming major equipment replacements within the next decade
Enhanced building resilience
Existing limitations in cooling capacity
In the short-term, the comparative advantage of district steam in reducing emissions over electricity, due to lower carbon emissions coefficient

To contextualize the project’s carbon reduction targets, the team layered essential carbon-related objectives onto the baseline scenario. These objectives encompassed the emission thresholds defined by LL97 for the periods 2024-2029, 2030-2035, and beyond 2035, along with a goal to slash emissions by 80% from the 2007 baseline. This strategic overlay clarified that although previous energy efficiency efforts had substantially cut emissions beneath the LL97 2024 benchmark, significant further action was required to fulfill the upcoming emission limits and the ambitious 80% reduction goal. Notably, reaching this 80% reduction will demand comprehensive measures beyond merely reducing or eliminating gas and steam usage; it will also necessitate a significant reduction in electrical energy consumption.

Step 2

Step 2: Design Resource Efficient Solutions

Effective engineering integrates measures for reducing energy load, recovering wasted heat, and moving towards partial or full electrification. This increases operational efficiencies, optimizes energy peaks, and avoids oversized heating systems, thus alleviating space constraints and minimizing the cost of retrofits to decarbonize the building over time.

Existing Conditions

This diagram illustrates the building prior to the initiation of Strategic Decarbonization planning by the owners and their teams.

Click through the measures under “Building After” to understand the components of the building’s energy transition.

Sequence of Measures

2022

2023

2024

Building System Affected

heating
cooling
ventilation

Add a Heat Exchanger between the mid and high zones to share load and optimize shoulder season chiller operation. Re-pipe jockey chiller to supplement low and mid zones and improve part load plant efficiency.

Install new hydronic hot water coils in lobby AHUs, supplied by new WSHP that recovers heat from the condenser water loop. Install new condensate recovery system to supplement heating provided by WSHP.

3-port valve to independently control the retail loop fro the building condenser loop and enable heating mode on tenant WSHPs.

Phased reduction in steam usage for heating: new low temperature Heating Hot Water (HHW) riser (120F) supplied by central ASHP to serve existing AHU heating coils and new tenant VAV reheat systems.

Automating start-up practices, convert medium-pressure steam riser to low-pressure steam, etc.

ERVs to be installed on select floors to pre-treat incoming outdoor air to tenant AHUs.

Convert existing electric water heaters to ASHP

Implement static pressure and temperature resets; Optimize chilled water supply temperature and delta T (i.e. temperature lift); Eliminate simultaneous heating and cooling.

Learn More

The Empire State Building (ESB) energy model has been developed over the past 15 years. Each year, the energy model has been calibrated based on several factors including utility bills, hourly sub-metering, occupancy rates, new construction projects, etc. The energy usage breakdown showed that space heating, broadcast, and tenant loads were the largest contributors to energy usage. This analysis allowed the team to determine where there were the most impactful opportunities for improvement.

The team narrowed down over 200 energy and carbon conservation measures (ECMs) to 60 that have potential to be implemented over the next 15 years. Each ECM was vetted to ensure technical feasibility and to determine its capacity to reduce energy consumption and further decarbonize the building. The energy modeler analyzed the ECMs through the baseline energy model to extract the associated energy, carbon, and cost savings.

To facilitate a comprehensive comparative analysis, the ECMs were organized into five distinct packages. These packages were designed to include varying combinations and quantities of ECMs, enabling the team to examine their collective impact on carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction and Net Present Value (NPV). This strategic grouping allowed for an in-depth comparison of how different ECM assortments align with the project’s goals, offering insights into the most effective strategies for achieving substantial environmental and financial benefits. ESRT is in the process of installing phased, central heat pump systems in multiple buildings, including the Empire State Building, which will begin to reduce steam consumption at these properties. Pilots of energy recovery ventilators on office systems are underway across the portfolio to reduce energy consumption associated with ventilation and mitigate freeze risks. Installation of hydronic heat recovery systems at ESB, including steam condensate recovery, and a new water-to-water heat pump to recover waste energy and reduce steam consumption.

Project Reflections:

Consistent rollout of high-performance standards is crucial. Key internal and external service providers (fit out designers, controls vendors, maintenance contractors, lease negotiators) require technical oversight to ensure all their work supports energy and carbon efficiency goals.
Small deviations of tenant designs from energy code and tenant design guidelines can build up to significant impediments to achieving carbon savings.
Small decisions add up to big impact. Consider long-term ROI and operational consequences of first-cost decisions on all projects.
Central systems may present more opportunities for optimization based on automation and controls sequences.
Capture low hanging fruit – retro-commission & optimize controls for existing systems to eliminate waste energy, increase automation and improve part load efficiencies
Exploit opportunities for heat recovery (e.g. ERVs, WWHPs, HXs). This mitigates the impact of electrification on peak electrical demand
Develop electrification pathway – even partial electrification can yield significant carbon reductions

Step 3

Step 3: Build the Business Case

Making a business case for strategic decarbonization requires thinking beyond a traditional energy audit approach or simple payback analysis. It assesses business-as-usual costs and risks against the costs and added value of phased decarbonization investments in the long-term.

Decarbonization Costs

$40.7M

Capital Costs of “CO2 Mid” measure package.

Business-as-Usual Costs

$4.2M / YR

Energy cost savings: 3.7M / YR.

Repairs & maintenance savings: 0.5M / YR.

Business-as-Usual Risks

$0.9M / YR

Avoided LL97 fines, starting in 2035.

Decarbonization Value

$11.8M

Incentives.

Net Present Value

$4.3M

Net difference between the present value of cash inflows and outflows over a period of time.

Learn More

A crucial component of the financial evaluation involved calculating the energy cost savings attributed to each energy and carbon conservation measure (ECM). These calculations were based on the energy savings predicted by the energy model and refined through detailed tariff analyses performed by project partner, Luthin Associates (now Energy by 5). Notably, the ECMs yielding the greatest energy cost savings were among the most technically challenging, such as the steam phase-out, select building envelope enhancements, and optimizing airside sequences to reduce simultaneous heating and cooling. A significant discovery was that transitioning to electrification—shifting from steam to electricity as a fuel source—does lead to cost savings. This is attributed to a strategic approach of first implementing ECMs that decrease the heating load, followed by adopting electric heat pumps. Heat pumps offer a higher heat output for each unit of energy input compared to electric resistance and traditional fuel sources, thus the increase in electricity costs is effectively compensated by the elimination of steam expenses.

The calculation of individual ECMs’ Net Present Value (NPV) facilitated a rapid evaluation and comparison among them. The NPVs were instrumental in guiding the iterative process of ECM package formulation. Despite their substantial energy cost savings, the steam phase-out and building envelope improvements were among the ECMs with the most negative NPVs, primarily due to their high upfront costs. In assessing these measures, the team also considered their carbon reduction impact, simple payback period, system lifespan, and the cost per ton of CO2 saved, ensuring a comprehensive analysis of each ECM’s performance.

In comparing financial outcomes across the five ECM packages, each was analyzed for both CO2 reduction potential and financial viability. Three packages emerged as NPV positive, while two were NPV negative; however, four packages projected a simple payback period within the study’s timeframe. The “CO2 Mid Reduction” package stood out, projecting a positive NPV of $4,349,957 and a simple payback period of 6.8 years. The implementation of this package would necessitate a capital investment of $40,672,466 (excluding escalation), yielding annual energy cost savings of $3,701,538 and additional operational savings of $546,000. This package’s feasibility is further supported by $11,795,328 in available incentives from Con Edison and NYSERDA, covering approximately 29% of the total required investment. The Decarbonization Roadmap section consolidates the principal financial metrics for all the packages examined, providing a clear overview for decision-making.

Strategic Decarbonization Action Plan

An emissions decarbonization roadmap helps building owners visualize their future emissions reductions by outlining the CO2 reductions from selected energy conservation measures. This roadmap is designed with a phased approach, considering a 20- or 30-year timeline, and incorporates the evolving benefits of grid decarbonization, ensuring a comprehensive view of long-term environmental impact.

Strategic decarbonization roadmap for Empire State Building

Learn More

While energy modeling was completed for all 5 packages of ECMs studied, the CO2 Mid Reduction Package was selected to form the Decarbonization Roadmap for the Empire State Building. This package strikes the best techno-economic balance and is in the process of being implemented. Nevertheless, certain ECMs from the CO2 High Reduction Package are highlighted for in-depth evaluation to ascertain their feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and performance metrics. Based on the results from upcoming pilot studies, these ECMs may be integrated into the long-term decarbonization strategy if they prove viable. Both the CO2 Mid and High Reduction Packages align with the Empire State Realty Trust’s (ESRT) objective to achieve an 80% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030, relative to the 2007 levels, and to comply with the medium and long-term emissions thresholds set by Local Law 97 (LL97) by 2035.

A phased approach that strategically deploys energy conservation measures over the next 15 years can deliver an additional 14.5% reduction in annual building CO2 emissions, with a simple payback of 6.8 years. By the conclusion of the 15-year analysis period, projections indicate that the CO2 Mid Reduction Package will achieve a 64.8% reduction in energy use compared to the 2007 baseline, significantly contributing to the building’s sustainability goals. The most substantial energy savings within this package are anticipated to arise from Phases 1, 2, and 5, with steam phase-out highlighted as a separate component due to its significant impact. These phases are expected to contribute energy savings of 6.1%, 8.0%, and 5.7% respectively, underscoring their critical role in the building’s comprehensive energy reduction strategy.

Empire State Building

New York City icon reaches for carbon neutrality

Project Status

Project Highlights

Step 1

Step 1: Examine Current Conditions

Building System Conditions

Asset Conditions

Market Conditions

Step 2

Step 2: Design Resource Efficient Solutions

Existing Conditions

Sequence of Measures

2022

2023

2024

Building System Affected

Step 3

Step 3: Build the Business Case

Decarbonization Costs

$40.7M

Business-as-Usual Costs

$4.2M / YR

Business-as-Usual Risks

$0.9M / YR

Decarbonization Value

$11.8M

Net Present Value

$4.3M

Strategic Decarbonization Action Plan

Project Team

Additional Resources

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