Case Study

St. Elizabeth Manor

Renewing multifamily senior housing with sustainable electrification

This case study was chosen as part of the Empire Building Challenge competition. Click here to learn more about the Empire Building Challenge competition.

St. Elizabeth Manor is a 4-story, 80-unit multifamily senior-housing building located at 150 Brielle Avenue in Staten Island, New York. The 61,320 GSF building was constructed in 1994 and has not undergone any major renovations since. Besides utilizing natural gas for space heating and domestic hot water production in the cellar, the rest of the building and all apartments run on electricity. Existing systems and infrastructure are mostly original to the building and nearing the end of their useful lives. The goal is to revive the building by improving the envelope, electrifying heating and hot water systems, installing heat recovery systems for ventilation, and installing wastewater heat recovery systems. Sisters of Charity Housing Development has 17 total buildings in their portfolio which includes 1272 total dwelling units. The owner’s goal is to replicate the above measures in all the buildings that have similar existing conditions, which will impact 804 dwelling units.

St. Elizabeth Manor
Conditions Assessment

High gas consumption and deteriorating existing conditions are driving the decision to decarbonize St. Elizabeth Manor.

Project Planning

Added wall insulation, weather stripping, and ventilation improvements, will significantly reduce heating loads at the site.

Project Planning

Space heating and water heaters will be electrified using cold climate packaged terminal heat pumps and high performance blackwater source heat pumps.

A baseline assessment is key to understanding current systems and performance, then identifying conditions, requirements or events that will trigger a decarbonization effort. The assessment looks across technical systems, asset strategy and sectoral factors.

Building System Conditions
  • Equipment nearing end-of-life
  • Comfort improvements
  • Indoor air quality improvements
  • Efficiency improvements
Asset Conditions
  • Recapitalization
  • Carbon emissions limits
  • Owner sustainability goals
Market Conditions

    Considering the age of all original systems, the building is operating fairly but structurally failing with repairs needed to the face brick façade and roof which continue to experience water infiltration issues, particularly around the windows, roof flashing and bulkheads. Energy consumption associated with space heating and domestic hot water is high. The reasons for high space heating include high ventilation/infiltration, conductive heat losses through building envelope, and ageing boiler. The high infiltration is caused due to unbalanced ventilation, high exhaust rates, lack of energy recovery system, and weakening infrastructure. Domestic hot water consumption is high due to high flow rates from faucets/shower heads and ageing non-condensing water heaters.

    Effective engineering integrates measures for reducing energy load, recovering wasted heat, and moving towards partial or full electrification. This increases operational efficiencies, optimizes energy peaks, and avoids oversized heating systems, thus alleviating space constraints and minimizing the cost of retrofits to decarbonize the building over time.

    Existing Conditions

    This diagram illustrates the building prior to the initiation of Strategic Decarbonization planning by the owners and their teams.

    Click through the measures under “Building After” to understand the components of the building’s energy transition.

    Sequence of Measures

    2026

    2027

    Building System Affected

    • heating
    • cooling
    • ventilation
    St. Elizabeth Manor before
    St. Elizabeth Manor after
    Low Flow Fixtures
    Laundry Electrification
    Envelope Upgrades
    Ventilation Upgrades
    Wastewater Heat Recovery for DHW
    Packaged Terminal Heat Pumps (PTHP)
    Solar PV

    Making a business case for strategic decarbonization requires thinking beyond a traditional energy audit approach or simple payback analysis. It assesses business-as-usual costs and risks against the costs and added value of phased decarbonization investments in the long-term.

    Retrofit Costs

    Decarbonization Costs

    $5.6M

    Cost of ECM #1: 1.7M.

    Cost of ECM #2: 875k.

    Cost of ECM #3: 679k.

    Cost of ECM #4: 210k.

    Cost of ECM #5: 86k.

    Non-EBC ECMs: 1.8M.

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Costs

    $51,242

    Energy cost savings

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Risks

    $0

    Added Value

    Decarbonization Value

    $2.6M

    Incentives

    Net Present Value

    $638,589

    The implementation of the Decarbonization Roadmap for Sisters of Charity’s Affordable Multifamily portfolio represents a strategic investment in both the environmental sustainability and long-term financial viability of the properties. By leveraging HUD’s Rental Assistance Demonstration (RAD) for Project Rental Assistance Contracts (PRAC) program to secure a 20-year Housing Assistance Payment (HAP) contract for St. Elizabeth’s Manor, Sisters of Charity ensures a stable revenue stream that will significantly enhance the financial health of the property. This stable income will support the necessary debt service payments on a mortgage, enabling the funding of $13.2 million in capital improvements. These capital improvements are critical not only for the immediate physical needs of the property but also for achieving the long-term decarbonization goals outlined in the Roadmap. The integration of Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) as part of this comprehensive renovation plan will reduce operational expenses by decreasing energy consumption and fossil fuel dependency. The Roadmap’s capital plan, which combines mortgage proceeds, existing reserves, and subsidy financing from New York State’s Housing Finance Agency, is designed to minimize the financial burden on Sisters of Charity while maximizing the long-term return on investment. The use of this diversified funding strategy allows Sisters of Charity to undertake the necessary decarbonization measures without imposing additional financial strain on residents, as tenants will continue to pay only 30% of their income towards rent. Furthermore, the enhanced energy efficiency of the buildings will likely reduce long-term maintenance costs and improve the overall asset value, creating a more resilient financial model.

    An emissions decarbonization roadmap helps building owners visualize their future emissions reductions by outlining the CO2 reductions from selected energy conservation measures. This roadmap is designed with a phased approach, considering a 20- or 30-year timeline, and incorporates the evolving benefits of grid decarbonization, ensuring a comprehensive view of long-term environmental impact.

    Strategic Decarbonization Roadmap

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    Melrose & Noll St. Apartments

    Thermal network to support decarbonization of affordable housing

    This case study was chosen as part of the Empire Building Challenge competition. Click here to learn more about the Empire Building Challenge competition.

    Noll Apartments, located at 43 Central Avenue, and Melrose Apartments, located at 63 Central Avenue, are neighboring buildings in Brooklyn, New York. The buildings are 6 stories and total 131,865 square feet with 98 affordable apartment units. The decarbonization retrofit planned for these buildings includes a package of measures that will:

    • Combine all mechanical equipment into a single central plant serving both buildings which will facilitate thermal energy recovery, allow for the integration of future decarbonized thermal energy sources, and reduce first- and ongoing maintenance costs. 
    • Electrify, and recover energy for, loads currently served by fossil fuels (heating and domestic hot water). 
    • Improve the energy efficiency of the buildings by reducing thermal loads through ventilation energy recovery and envelope improvements
    • Reduce construction costs by avoiding the staggering of measure implementation where possible.

    Creating resilient and sustainable communities are key components of RiseBoro’s mission. The principles of energy efficiency, improved health outcomes, reduced consumption, and responsible use of natural resources are core beliefs of the organization.

    Melrose & Noll Apartments
    Lessons Learned

    The project used the Resource Efficient Decarbonization (RED) methodology to consider various technical and financial options and determine the optimal decarbonization pathway.

    Lessons Learned

    The project utilizes existing technology in a creative new application to greatly reduce the initial costs of electrification.

    Emissions Reductions

    61%

    A displacement strategy approach was developed to maximize cost-efficacy of decarbonization without burdening affordable housing residents and operators, resulting in a 61% projected energy use reduction for the building by the end of the Empire Building Challenge project.

    A baseline assessment is key to understanding current systems and performance, then identifying conditions, requirements or events that will trigger a decarbonization effort. The assessment looks across technical systems, asset strategy and sectoral factors.

    Building System Conditions
    • Equipment nearing end-of-life
    • New heat source potential
    • Comfort improvements
    • Indoor air quality improvements
    • Facade maintenance
    • Efficiency improvements
    Asset Conditions
    • Capital event cycles
    • Owner sustainability goals
    Market Conditions
    • Technology improves
    • Market supply changes

    Noll Apartments and Melrose Apartment contain the original HVAC equipment from their construction in the early- and mid-2000s that is nearing the end of its useful life. This aging equipment, considered alongside a recent recapitalization event, presents an opportunity to focus on improving energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. Additionally, these buildings are part of a tranche of buildings in the RiseBoro portfolio constructed prior to the adoption of more aggressive energy efficiency approaches. Implementation of the decarbonization retrofits will not only lower the buildings’ emissions, but will also bring energy performance up to, or higher than, other buildings in the portfolio. The Empire Building Challenge program provided a unique opportunity at a convenient time to create a holistic roadmap and retrofit plan.

    Effective engineering integrates measures for reducing energy load, recovering wasted heat, and moving towards partial or full electrification. This increases operational efficiencies, optimizes energy peaks, and avoids oversized heating systems, thus alleviating space constraints and minimizing the cost of retrofits to decarbonize the building over time.

    Existing Conditions

    This diagram illustrates the building prior to the initiation of Strategic Decarbonization planning by the owners and their teams.

    Click through the measures under “Building After” to understand the components of the building’s energy transition.

    Sequence of Measures

    2027

    Building System Affected

    • heating
    • cooling
    • ventilation
    Melrose & Noll Apartments before
    Melrose & Noll Apartments after
    Central Mechanical Plant
    Active Thermal Connector (ATC)
    Central AWHPs and HACs
    Terminal Unit Replacement
    Wastewater Heat Recovery Heat Pumps for DHW
    Envelope Upgrades
    Ventilation Upgrades
    Electrical Upgrades and Grid-Interactive Controls
    Solar PV on new roof canopy
    Future Thermal Energy Netwrok (TEN) Connection
    Additional Electrical Upgrades
    Cooking Ranges & Commercial Dryer Electrification

    Making a business case for strategic decarbonization requires thinking beyond a traditional energy audit approach or simple payback analysis. It assesses business-as-usual costs and risks against the costs and added value of phased decarbonization investments in the long-term.

    Retrofit Costs

    Decarbonization Costs

    $19.4M

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Costs

    $755,000 + $74,000 / YR

    Energy cost savings: 74k / YR.

    Repairs and maintenance savings: Minimal

    BAU cost of system replacement/upgrades: 755k.

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Risks

    $0

    Added Value

    Decarbonization Value

    $7M

    Incentives: ~7M (estimated).

    Net Present Value

    -$11.5M

    The business case for decarbonization is centered around the buildings’ recapitalization cycles and a reduction in operating expenses.

    The buildings currently face no potential penalties under Local Law 97 (since they are affordable housing covered under Article 321) and the operational savings are not commensurate with the cost of the Roadmap.

    This is a typical situation in multifamily buildings, especially affordable housing, where the discounted cash flow analysis shows a negative present value compared to business as usual. High initial costs and the high cost per-unit of electricity compared to gas in New York City both push paybacks in an unattractive direction. A building will typically see only a handful of opportunities to fund capital projects. Incentives and tax credits are critical in making the business case for decarbonization.

    An emissions decarbonization roadmap helps building owners visualize their future emissions reductions by outlining the CO2 reductions from selected energy conservation measures. This roadmap is designed with a phased approach, considering a 20- or 30-year timeline, and incorporates the evolving benefits of grid decarbonization, ensuring a comprehensive view of long-term environmental impact.

    Strategic Decarbonization Roadmap

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    Stovroff Towers

    Deep energy retrofit creates new affordable housing

    This case study was chosen as part of the Empire Building Challenge competition. Click here to learn more about the Empire Building Challenge competition.

    Originally built in 2003, Stovroff Towers is a four-story, 74,000 square-foot senior living facility located in Amherst, NY. WinnDevelopment (Winn) plans to acquire the Property and implement a comprehensive renovation, converting the 120 single occupancy units into eight (8) studio apartments and fifty-eight (58) one-bedroom apartments, while investing in high-efficiency, low-carbon upgrades. The retrofit project prioritizes high-performance envelope upgrades and efficient electrification to transform Stovroff Towers and reduce site energy use intensity (EUI) by 78.30%. The project will be financed in part with low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC) equity, allowing the decarbonization strategies to be implemented in a single, holistic renovation slated for completion by 2027.

    Over the past decade, Winn has become an industry leader, and partner, in sustainable development, renewable energy, and building science. Winn is a long-term owner committed to tackling housing shortages and insecurity while also addressing climate change, energy equity, and resiliency for our communities. Winn is a leader in decarbonization, with several deep energy retrofit, and all-electric, high-performance projects completed or in development. 

    Winn has a pipeline of acquisition rehabilitation projects planned throughout the Northeast and the Mid-Atlantic. In New York State alone, Winn manages over 11,000 units of housing and owns eight (8) properties scheduled for capital improvements and/or comprehensive renovations between 2030-2040. Winn is committed to deploying elements of our Stovroff Towers scope at these other buildings as they reach recapitalization and/or at the time of equipment failure.

    Stovroff Towers
    Energy Savings

    78%

    The LIHTC-renovation will enhance the naturally occurring affordable housing at Stovroff Towers and preserve the property’s long-term affordability. The redevelopment project will invest in energy reduction measures that reduce site energy use intensity over 78%, transforming Stovroff Towers into a vibrant community for vulnerable populations.

    Testimonial

    “NYSERDA’s Empire Building Challenge (EBC) inspired a creative and efficient pre-development phase that will make the renovation of Stovroff Towers truly transformative. This Project will serve as an inspiring demonstration for similar buildings committed to reducing their carbon footprint in a meaningful way.”

    Christina McPike
    Vice President, Energy & Sustainability
    WinnCompanies

    Energy Savings

    The EBC Project demonstrates geothermal and distributed hydronic systems as a replicable retrofit technology in cold climates. Stable ground temperatures will enable design of a geothermal borefield that includes 12 bores drilled to 500 ft depth, providing 34 tons of heating and cooling, which will meet 100% of the annual heating and cooling load.

    A baseline assessment is key to understanding current systems and performance, then identifying conditions, requirements or events that will trigger a decarbonization effort. The assessment looks across technical systems, asset strategy and sectoral factors.

    Building System Conditions
    • System Failure
    • Equipment nearing end-of-life
    • New heat source potential
    • Comfort improvements
    • Indoor air quality improvements
    • Facade maintenance
    • Resilience upgrades
    • Efficiency improvements
    Asset Conditions
    • Repositioning
    • Recapitalization
    • Capital event cycles
    • Tenant turnover/vacancy
    • Building codes
    • Owner sustainability goals
    Market Conditions
    • Technology improves
    • Policy changes

    Since its completion, Stovroff Towers has suffered long-term programmatic issues due to single-occupancy efficiency units without full-service kitchens and limited on-site resident services. Vacancy rates have averaged 75-80%, leading to a severe operational deficit and extensive capital needs. These circumstances catalyzed Winn’s involvement at the site, which will utilize LIHTC financing from New York State’s Homes and Community Renewal (HCR) to fund a major recapitalization and comprehensive renovation that addresses capital and operational needs. Winn has a successful track record developing and preserving housing in the upstate region, where the relative cost of construction and energy is low and need for high quality affordable housing is high. The property’s existing needs informed the decarbonization scope, which will not only result in significant energy reduction and carbon emissions, but will improve the building’s passive resiliency, durability, and indoor living environment. The high efficiency all-electric equipment and building envelope upgrades will also reduce operating costs for the building owner and future residents and contribute to New York State’s building-sector decarbonization goals. The decarbonization retrofit scope is well-aligned with the Climate Leadership & Community Protection Act (CLCPA) and NYS HCR’s Existing Buildings Sustainability Guidelines and provides replicable, cost-efficient solutions that can be applied to future renovations and recapitalization events.

    Effective engineering integrates measures for reducing energy load, recovering wasted heat, and moving towards partial or full electrification. This increases operational efficiencies, optimizes energy peaks, and avoids oversized heating systems, thus alleviating space constraints and minimizing the cost of retrofits to decarbonize the building over time.

    Existing Conditions

    This diagram illustrates the building prior to the initiation of Strategic Decarbonization planning by the owners and their teams.

    Click through the measures under “Building After” to understand the components of the building’s energy transition.

    Sequence of Measures

    2025

    Building System Affected

    • heating
    • cooling
    • ventilation
    Stovroff Towers before
    Stovroff Towers after
    Envelope Upgrades
    Geothermal System and Terminal WSHPs
    Ventilation Upgrades
    CO2 Heat Pump for DHW
    Electrical Upgrades and Smart Thermostats
    Solar PV

    Making a business case for strategic decarbonization requires thinking beyond a traditional energy audit approach or simple payback analysis. It assesses business-as-usual costs and risks against the costs and added value of phased decarbonization investments in the long-term.

    Retrofit Costs

    Decarbonization Costs

    $13.2M

    Cost of ECM #1 – Exterior Envelope Insulation: 2.5M.

    Cost of ECM #2 – Triple Pane Windows: 1.2M.

    Cost of ECM #3 – Roof Replacement: 1.1M.

    Cost of ECM #4 – Geothermal/Water-Source-Heat-Pump System: 3.1M.

    Cost of ECM #5 – DHW Central CO2 Air-to-Water Heat Pump: 805k.

    Cost of ECM #6 – Energy Recovery Ventilation: 2.2M.

    Cost of ECM #7 – Electrical Upgrades: 2.1M.

    Cost of ECM #8 – Rooftop Solar PV: 194k.

    Cost of ECM #9 – Smart Thermostat: included in mechanical number.

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Costs

    $4.6M

    Energy cost savings: 37k.

    BAU cost of system replacement/upgrades: 4.5M.

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Risks

    $0

    Added Value

    Decarbonization Value

    $8.4M

    Incentives/Tax credits: 1.4M.

    Valuation: 7M.

    Net Present Value

    TBD

    Net difference between the present value of cash inflows and outflows over a period of time.

    The decarbonization scope of work was selected because it achieves performance objectives while limiting capital cost, maximizing operational cost and carbon emissions savings, and preserving original architectural features important to the local community. The total cost of the ECMs is approximately $13,240,378 and the total development cost of the renovation is $43,180,406. While these costs are high, they are in line with similar deep energy retrofit projects, far more affordable than new construction, and beneficially create new deed restricted housing for the State of New York. The EBC scope is anticipated to reduce operational costs by $37,000 annually, which will help with long-term operations; however, energy cost savings alone do not support overall Project costs. 

    This level of investment is only possible with state resources such as NYSERDA’s Empire Building Challenge funding and LIHTC financing, which will allow Winn to create new affordable housing that is also energy efficient and fossil fuel free. In the absence of a LIHTC award, another real estate developer could acquire the property and upgrade interiors and replace systems in kind for $4.5 million, which would be a short term and short-sighted undertaking that invests in new gas infrastructure. The sustainability goals for the project are integral to the property’s transformation, the marginal cost of which cannot be supported with energy cost savings alone.  However, the true net cost of ECMs, less business-as-usual in-kind replacement, NYSERDA funding, investment tax credit, and other incentives, is $4,327,764, which can be supported with debt and equity. The decarbonization roadmap provides many benefits to Stovroff Towers, including carbon neutrality by 2040, futureproofing against carbon mandates and stranded assets, and marketability. Stovroff Towers are better and stronger with the decarbonization scope and are worthy of this level of investment.  

    An emissions decarbonization roadmap helps building owners visualize their future emissions reductions by outlining the CO2 reductions from selected energy conservation measures. This roadmap is designed with a phased approach, considering a 20- or 30-year timeline, and incorporates the evolving benefits of grid decarbonization, ensuring a comprehensive view of long-term environmental impact.

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    High Temperature Heat Pump 101 Guide

    A baseline assessment is key to understanding current systems and performance, then identifying conditions, requirements or events that will trigger a decarbonization effort. The assessment looks across technical systems, asset strategy and sectoral factors.

    Building System Conditions
    Asset Conditions
    Market Conditions

    Effective engineering integrates measures for reducing energy load, recovering wasted heat, and moving towards partial or full electrification. This increases operational efficiencies, optimizes energy peaks, and avoids oversized heating systems, thus alleviating space constraints and minimizing the cost of retrofits to decarbonize the building over time.

    Making a business case for strategic decarbonization requires thinking beyond a traditional energy audit approach or simple payback analysis. It assesses business-as-usual costs and risks against the costs and added value of phased decarbonization investments in the long-term.

    Retrofit Costs

    Decarbonization Costs

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Costs

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Risks

    Added Value

    Decarbonization Value

    Net Present Value

    An emissions decarbonization roadmap helps building owners visualize their future emissions reductions by outlining the CO2 reductions from selected energy conservation measures. This roadmap is designed with a phased approach, considering a 20- or 30-year timeline, and incorporates the evolving benefits of grid decarbonization, ensuring a comprehensive view of long-term environmental impact.

    This guide from The Clean Fight and RMI helps building owners and managers understand how high-temperature heat pumps can decarbonize steam and hot-water space heating systems. It outlines key benefits, technology basics, example products, and strategies for effective retrofit integration. High-temperature heat pumps offer a new, less disruptive path to electrification for buildings with steam or hot water distribution.

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    Case Study

    Charrette Templates: Supporting Preliminary Retrofit Plan Review

    A baseline assessment is key to understanding current systems and performance, then identifying conditions, requirements or events that will trigger a decarbonization effort. The assessment looks across technical systems, asset strategy and sectoral factors.

    Building System Conditions
    Asset Conditions
    Market Conditions

    Effective engineering integrates measures for reducing energy load, recovering wasted heat, and moving towards partial or full electrification. This increases operational efficiencies, optimizes energy peaks, and avoids oversized heating systems, thus alleviating space constraints and minimizing the cost of retrofits to decarbonize the building over time.

    Making a business case for strategic decarbonization requires thinking beyond a traditional energy audit approach or simple payback analysis. It assesses business-as-usual costs and risks against the costs and added value of phased decarbonization investments in the long-term.

    Retrofit Costs

    Decarbonization Costs

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Costs

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Risks

    Added Value

    Decarbonization Value

    Net Present Value

    An emissions decarbonization roadmap helps building owners visualize their future emissions reductions by outlining the CO2 reductions from selected energy conservation measures. This roadmap is designed with a phased approach, considering a 20- or 30-year timeline, and incorporates the evolving benefits of grid decarbonization, ensuring a comprehensive view of long-term environmental impact.

    Charrette Overview

    A charrette is a focused, collaborative convening of diverse stakeholders. In planning a building decarbonization project, charrettes are a powerful tool for establishing a holistic understanding of a building’s existing conditions and needs, aligning stakeholders, developing creative solutions, and accelerating the retrofit design process.

    Context

    While charrettes can be used within multiple contexts, this resource has been developed to support the review of a preliminary retrofit plan. The preliminary retrofit plan scope is developed based on existing building conditions, high-level energy data and calculations, as well as the team’s expertise and prior project experience. Having a charrette at this point in the process allows for early feedback about the retrofit scope and alignment with project goals. It provides an opportunity for collaborative problem-solving and the development of creative solutions, as multi-disciplinary stakeholders are brought together to iterate on the retrofit. More detailed energy and financial analysis will occur after the charrette and may drive scope change as the team uses results to optimize the retrofit.

    Templates Overview

    The following templates have been developed to reduce the effort required to include a charrette in retrofit planning and guide project teams through the charrette process. The format of the templates is intentionally basic so your organization(s)’ presentation format and logos can easily be added.

    The templates are intended to be used by the design team to gather feedback and develop consensus from project stakeholders on the following topics:

    • Project goals
    • Retrofit triggers
    • Proposed retrofit plan

    Three templates are available for download and are designed to work together. These include:

    Pre-Read Template: Use this template to develop a project-specific pre-read document that can help inform the charrette discussion. This template offers a preset agenda for the charrette and provides space to clearly define project goals, trigger events, and a high-level summary of the retrofit plan. To maximize benefit from the charrette it is important that attendees arrive with a solid understanding of the information provided in the pre-read. Therefore, it is recommended the document remain as concise as possible and is sent to attendees with sufficient time for them to review.

    Download the Pre-Read Template

    Charrette Presentation Template: This easily customizable slide deck template provides a framework and content to guide project teams through the charrette. The intended outcomes from the charrette are level setting stakeholders on the project’s status and plans, collecting feedback, and ideation.

    Download the Presentation Template

    Post-Charrette Report Template: Use this template to capture outputs from the charrette and distribute to project stakeholders. The report is intended to support the team in coming to consensus on goals, retrofit triggers, and the preliminary retrofit plan. Once finalized, it can be used as a basis for moving into the detailed analysis phase.

    Download the Post-Read Template

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    Case Study

    Strategic Decarbonization Planning Training Series

    A baseline assessment is key to understanding current systems and performance, then identifying conditions, requirements or events that will trigger a decarbonization effort. The assessment looks across technical systems, asset strategy and sectoral factors.

    Building System Conditions
    Asset Conditions
    Market Conditions

    Effective engineering integrates measures for reducing energy load, recovering wasted heat, and moving towards partial or full electrification. This increases operational efficiencies, optimizes energy peaks, and avoids oversized heating systems, thus alleviating space constraints and minimizing the cost of retrofits to decarbonize the building over time.

    Making a business case for strategic decarbonization requires thinking beyond a traditional energy audit approach or simple payback analysis. It assesses business-as-usual costs and risks against the costs and added value of phased decarbonization investments in the long-term.

    Retrofit Costs

    Decarbonization Costs

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Costs

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Risks

    Added Value

    Decarbonization Value

    Net Present Value

    An emissions decarbonization roadmap helps building owners visualize their future emissions reductions by outlining the CO2 reductions from selected energy conservation measures. This roadmap is designed with a phased approach, considering a 20- or 30-year timeline, and incorporates the evolving benefits of grid decarbonization, ensuring a comprehensive view of long-term environmental impact.

    About the Series

    NYSERDA and Building Energy Exchange, in collaboration with RMI, University of Cincinnati, and Ember Strategies, are excited to offer a comprehensive three-part Strategic Decarbonization Planning training series designed to help industry professionals tackle complex retrofit projects with confidence. Tailored for professionals in engineering, real estate, and technology, this training series will equip participants with the tools and knowledge to drive practical, cost-effective low-carbon retrofits in large buildings. Grounded in lessons learned from NYSERDA’s Empire Building Challenge and their innovative retrofit demonstration projects, participants will learn how to:

    • Identify effective retrofit strategies by evaluating technical solutions and real estate conditions;
    • Make the case for low-carbon retrofits with compelling business narratives that resonate with decision-makers; and
    • Turn plans into action by creating clear, step-by-step decarbonization roadmaps for real-world projects.

    Live training sessions for all three courses and on-demand, online courses for Course 1 and 2 are coming this fall. SRead more about our high-impact, solutions driven training series below:

    Course 1

    SDP: RED Framework and Technical Solutions (1.5 AIA LU)

    This first course of the series will explore Resource Efficient Decarbonization (RED) as a replicable solutions framework used to develop carbon neutrality roadmaps for large buildings in cold climates. Using real-world examples from Empire Building Challenge retrofit projects, participants will learn how to apply the RED framework to create comprehensive, long-term decarbonization plans for their buildings. Additionally, the training will review a range of technical solutions for decarbonizing buildings, highlighting how prioritization of these technologies can optimize retrofits.

    Live Deliveries to Be Announced

    Course 2

    SDP: Building the Business Case for Better Decarbonization (1.5 AIA LU)

    The second course will focus on the finance and asset planning components of strategic decarbonization. Participants will learn how to evaluate and align technical solutions with economic realities and long-term asset strategies to inform decision-making. This course will also provide guidance on crafting compelling business case narratives that build stakeholder support and unlock investment for retrofits. By the end of the training, participants will be equipped to develop persuasive business cases that advance building decarbonization projects.

    Live Deliveries to Be Announced

    Course 3

    Let’s Decarbonize! A Hands-on Building Decarbonization Workshop

    The third course of the series will be a highly interactive session offering a hands-on introduction to building decarbonization planning – delivered in a dynamic, game-based format. The session begins with a brief review of key concepts from the first two courses, then, participants will break into small groups to create a mock decarbonization plan for a real-world building scenario. Teams will evaluate strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while weighing factors such as costs, trigger events, and other site- specific considerations. Come prepared to collaborate, apply your skills, and dive into the decision- making process behind effective building decarbonization.

    This material was developed at the University of Cincinnati by Amanda Webb, Barry Abramson, Katherine Castiello Jones, and Heather Cheng. It is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Award No. 2339386.

    Live Deliveries

    Sign up for October 28

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    Case Study

    High Rise | Low Carbon Multifamily

    A baseline assessment is key to understanding current systems and performance, then identifying conditions, requirements or events that will trigger a decarbonization effort. The assessment looks across technical systems, asset strategy and sectoral factors.

    Building System Conditions
    Asset Conditions
    Market Conditions

    Effective engineering integrates measures for reducing energy load, recovering wasted heat, and moving towards partial or full electrification. This increases operational efficiencies, optimizes energy peaks, and avoids oversized heating systems, thus alleviating space constraints and minimizing the cost of retrofits to decarbonize the building over time.

    Making a business case for strategic decarbonization requires thinking beyond a traditional energy audit approach or simple payback analysis. It assesses business-as-usual costs and risks against the costs and added value of phased decarbonization investments in the long-term.

    Retrofit Costs

    Decarbonization Costs

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Costs

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Risks

    Added Value

    Decarbonization Value

    Net Present Value

    An emissions decarbonization roadmap helps building owners visualize their future emissions reductions by outlining the CO2 reductions from selected energy conservation measures. This roadmap is designed with a phased approach, considering a 20- or 30-year timeline, and incorporates the evolving benefits of grid decarbonization, ensuring a comprehensive view of long-term environmental impact.

    A global survey of 14 high-rise multifamily retrofit profiles that achieved deep energy reductions.

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    Case Study

    Retrofit Playbook Event Series: New Decarbonization Tools from ASHRAE, USGBC, and The Retrofit Playbook

    A baseline assessment is key to understanding current systems and performance, then identifying conditions, requirements or events that will trigger a decarbonization effort. The assessment looks across technical systems, asset strategy and sectoral factors.

    Building System Conditions
    Asset Conditions
    Market Conditions

    Effective engineering integrates measures for reducing energy load, recovering wasted heat, and moving towards partial or full electrification. This increases operational efficiencies, optimizes energy peaks, and avoids oversized heating systems, thus alleviating space constraints and minimizing the cost of retrofits to decarbonize the building over time.

    Making a business case for strategic decarbonization requires thinking beyond a traditional energy audit approach or simple payback analysis. It assesses business-as-usual costs and risks against the costs and added value of phased decarbonization investments in the long-term.

    Retrofit Costs

    Decarbonization Costs

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Costs

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Risks

    Added Value

    Decarbonization Value

    Net Present Value

    An emissions decarbonization roadmap helps building owners visualize their future emissions reductions by outlining the CO2 reductions from selected energy conservation measures. This roadmap is designed with a phased approach, considering a 20- or 30-year timeline, and incorporates the evolving benefits of grid decarbonization, ensuring a comprehensive view of long-term environmental impact.

    As climate-forward policies have gained momentum and high-performance building technologies have continued to advance, building owners are feeling increasing pressure to decarbonize while navigating a growing array of retrofit options and requirements. How can project teams chart a course through this evolving and overwhelming landscape to confidently plan and implement decarbonization retrofits?

    The newly released Guide to Strategic Decarbonization Planning, produced by ASHRAE, U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), and supported by New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), presents a comprehensive suite of best practices to operationalize deep decarbonization in buildings by following the strategic decarbonization planning (SDP) framework. SDP is a proven approach to decarbonization planning that integrates holistic technical solutions with pragmatic asset management strategies, enabling project teams to deliver cost-effective, flexible decarbonization projects.

    Join ASHRAE, USGBC, and the Retrofit Playbook for Large Buildings team on September 23rd to learn more about the Guide to Strategic Decarbonization Planning and explore how it connects with the tools, case studies, and planning resources available on the RetrofitPlaybook.org. Whether you’re just getting started or refining a long-term roadmap, this session will help you learn how to apply the SDP framework and other practical resources to actualize low-carbon, future-ready building retrofits.

    Opening Remarks

    Sophie Cardona, Senior Project Manager, NYSERDA

    Moderator

    Molly Dee-Ramasamy, Director of Deep Carbon Reduction Group, JBB

    Presenters

    Laurie Kerr, Principal Climate Advisor, USGBC
    Phil Keuhn, Principal, RMI

    Panelists

    Adam Hinge, Managing Director, Sustainable Energy Partnerships
    Laurie Kerr, Principal Climate Advisor, USGBC
    Phil Keuhn, Principal, RMI
    Laura Humphrey, Senior Director of Energy & Sustainability, L+M Development Partners

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    Case Study

    The Role of Design Charrettes in Building Decarbonization Planning

    A baseline assessment is key to understanding current systems and performance, then identifying conditions, requirements or events that will trigger a decarbonization effort. The assessment looks across technical systems, asset strategy and sectoral factors.

    Building System Conditions
    Asset Conditions
    Market Conditions

    Effective engineering integrates measures for reducing energy load, recovering wasted heat, and moving towards partial or full electrification. This increases operational efficiencies, optimizes energy peaks, and avoids oversized heating systems, thus alleviating space constraints and minimizing the cost of retrofits to decarbonize the building over time.

    Making a business case for strategic decarbonization requires thinking beyond a traditional energy audit approach or simple payback analysis. It assesses business-as-usual costs and risks against the costs and added value of phased decarbonization investments in the long-term.

    Retrofit Costs

    Decarbonization Costs

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Costs

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Risks

    Added Value

    Decarbonization Value

    Net Present Value

    An emissions decarbonization roadmap helps building owners visualize their future emissions reductions by outlining the CO2 reductions from selected energy conservation measures. This roadmap is designed with a phased approach, considering a 20- or 30-year timeline, and incorporates the evolving benefits of grid decarbonization, ensuring a comprehensive view of long-term environmental impact.

    As the world grapples with the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the built environment has become a critical focus area to deliver progress. Buildings are significant contributors to global carbon emissions, and transitioning to more sustainable, low-carbon operations is essential for meeting climate goals. Planning for that transition now, through a thoughtful and rational approach, is key to achieving success over time.  

    Design charrettes are an important tool project teams can use to support their decarbonization planning work. These collaborative design review workshops bring together diverse stakeholders to develop and refine strategies for reducing carbon emissions from buildings over time.  

    What is a Design Charrette?

    A design charrette is an intensive, multi-disciplinary workshop aimed at finding and refining solutions to complex problems. The term originated in 19th century Paris and refers to the practice of design students working intensely on their projects until the last minute, when a cart or “charrette” would be wheeled around to collect their final designs. The term has evolved to describe collaborative sessions that bring together developers, designers, domain experts, community members, and an array of other stakeholders to reach mutually beneficial outcomes. In the context of building decarbonization, design charrettes facilitate the rapid development of actionable (and at times substantially more innovative) strategies to reduce emissions from buildings, with alignment among multiple interested parties.  

    Why Use Design Charrettes to Achieve Resource Efficient Decarbonization?

    1. Collaborative Problem-Solving: Building decarbonization requires input from a wide range of experts, including architects, engineers, asset managers, environmental scientists, and community leaders. A design charrette brings these diverse voices together in a collaborative setting, ensuring that all perspectives are considered. 
    2. Intensive Focus: The concentrated nature of a charrette allows participants to delve deeply into the problem at hand. Over several hours (or days), stakeholders can explore various scenarios, analyze data, and develop detailed plans that might otherwise take months to create using traditional methods. 
    3. Iterative Process: Charrettes are designed to be iterative, with multiple rounds of feedback and refinement as needed. This approach ensures that the final outcomes are well-vetted and robust, with broad support from all stakeholders. 
    4. Creative Solutions: The collaborative and open nature of charrettes fosters creativity and challenges deeply held assumptions about how to approach a problem by the charrette participants.  Participants are encouraged to think outside the box and develop innovative solutions that might not emerge in a more conventional planning process. 
    5.  Achieving Resource Efficient Decarbonization (RED): Charrettes enable stakeholders to develop highly strategic plans to transition a building away from on-site fossil fuel over time in a way that does not diminish high-performance operations, contains operating and capital expenses, and maintains a complex urban systems perspective including considerations relating to infrastructure and natural resources.

    The Design Charrette Process

    Charrettes are conducted just after a decarbonization concept plan is created and initial decarbonization measures are framed. A successful charrette requires being prepared to discuss the existing conditions of the building in detail, various decarbonization measures and approaches considered, and an understanding of the social and market conditions influencing the building owner’s decision making. The charrette process includes: 

    1. Preparation: Successful charrettes require careful preparation. This includes identifying key stakeholders and inviting them to join, gathering relevant data, and setting clear objectives for the workshop.  
    2. Workshop Session: During the charrette, the project team presents their building existing conditions and decarbonization approaches and engage in brainstorming, design review, and business discussions with a team of technical experts and industry leaders.
    3. Iteration and Feedback: Ideas generated during the sessions can be reviewed and refined through multiple rounds of feedback and additional charrettes as needed. This iterative process helps to improve and perfect the proposed solutions. 
    4. Implementation and Follow-Up: The final step is to translate the charrette outcomes into a formal strategic decarbonization plan and business case that leads to real-world actions. This may involve further planning, securing funding, and ongoing community engagement. 

    Design charrettes are a powerful tool for addressing complex decarbonization challenges, especially in the planning and early implementation phase. With collaboration, creativity, and iteration, charrettes enable the development of effective and sustainable strategies to reduce carbon emissions from buildings.

    Want to review your decarbonization plan with our team of experts?

    Request a design charrette.

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    Case Study

    Empire State Building

    New York City icon reaches for carbon neutrality

    This case study was chosen as part of the Empire Building Challenge competition. Click here to learn more about the Empire Building Challenge competition.

    The Empire State Building has been an integral part of the NYC skyline since 1931. The 102-story art deco structure totaling 2.8 million gross square feet is heated by district steam. 

    Following a deep energy retrofit initiated in 2009, Empire State Realty Trust (ESRT) has taken a step further with ESB 2.0, a groundbreaking, comprehensive plan to bring the iconic building to net zero. Empire State Realty Trust and their team of consultants developed a phased roadmap for its entire commercial portfolio that strategically deploys energy conservation and decarbonization measures through 2035. ESRT will optimize existing systems, maximize energy recovery, and enable heat pump integration to decrease steam and electricity consumption.

    By 2035, ESRT portfolio will target net zero through an 80% operational carbon reduction, achieved through a combination of energy efficiency measures, a renewable sourced grid, and a 20% offset with off-site clean energy generation and renewable energy certificates (RECs).

    Empire State Building
    Emissions Reductions

    54%

    Since 2009, ESRT has reduced emissions at the Empire State Building by 54% and counting through its industry-leading strategic decarbonization planning.

    Lesson Learned

    Consistent rollout of high-performance standards is crucial. Key internal and external service providers require technical oversight to ensure all their work supports energy and carbon efficiency goals.

    Man adjusting equipment
    Testimonial

    “The Empire State Building is as innovative today as it was the day it was built and serves as the international beacon of the possibilities within the built environment to prove the business case to reduce carbon emissions. This important partnership between New York State and commercial real estate leaders creates local jobs, drives technological innovation, improves our communities, and stands as an example for climate-friendly retrofits.”

    Tony Malkin
    Chairman, President, and CEO
    Empire State Realty Trust

    Emissions Reductions

    75%

    By 2035, this plan is projected to reduce energy use intensity by 40% and carbon emissions by 75% from 2019 baseline, assuming the grid decarbonizes according to New York State’s CLCPA goals.

    A baseline assessment is key to understanding current systems and performance, then identifying conditions, requirements or events that will trigger a decarbonization effort. The assessment looks across technical systems, asset strategy and sectoral factors.

    Building System Conditions
    • Equipment nearing end-of-life
    • Tenant load change
    • Comfort improvements
    • Resilience upgrades
    • Efficiency improvements
    Asset Conditions
    • Tenant turnover/vacancy
    • Carbon emissions limits
    • Tenant sustainability demands
    • Owner sustainability goals
    Market Conditions
    • Technology improves
    • Market demand changes
    • Market supply changes
    • Policy changes

    To establish a “business-as-usual” baseline scenario, the project team meticulously evaluated the current operational conditions and systems within the Empire State Building. This comprehensive review included:

    • The building’s operating schedule
    • Building and energy management systems
    • Cooling, heating, and ventilation systems
    • Lighting, plug loads, and tenant IT loads
    • Domestic hot water systems
    • The building envelope system

    For a precise evaluation, the team analyzed the building’s utility data from the baseline year of 2019. This analysis aimed to dissect energy consumption, utility expenses, and resultant carbon emissions across different fuel types, including gas, steam, and electricity. 

    In addition to assessing the building’s physical baseline conditions, the team identified several key factors motivating the need for strategic decarbonization initiatives:

    • The technical and economic imperative to align with municipal and state climate objectives set for 2024, 2030, 2035, and 2050
      • Specifically relevant was the necessity to avoid penalties linked to Local Law 97 (LL97),
    • Commitments to the electrical grid
    • Upcoming major equipment replacements within the next decade
    • Enhanced building resilience
    • Existing limitations in cooling capacity
    • In the short-term, the comparative advantage of district steam in reducing emissions over electricity, due to lower carbon emissions coefficient

    To contextualize the project’s carbon reduction targets, the team layered essential carbon-related objectives onto the baseline scenario. These objectives encompassed the emission thresholds defined by LL97 for the periods 2024-2029, 2030-2035, and beyond 2035, along with a goal to slash emissions by 80% from the 2007 baseline. This strategic overlay clarified that although previous energy efficiency efforts had substantially cut emissions beneath the LL97 2024 benchmark, significant further action was required to fulfill the upcoming emission limits and the ambitious 80% reduction goal. Notably, reaching this 80% reduction will demand comprehensive measures beyond merely  reducing or eliminating gas and steam usage; it will also necessitate a significant reduction in electrical energy consumption.

    Effective engineering integrates measures for reducing energy load, recovering wasted heat, and moving towards partial or full electrification. This increases operational efficiencies, optimizes energy peaks, and avoids oversized heating systems, thus alleviating space constraints and minimizing the cost of retrofits to decarbonize the building over time.

    Existing Conditions

    This diagram illustrates the building prior to the initiation of Strategic Decarbonization planning by the owners and their teams.

    Click through the measures under “Building After” to understand the components of the building’s energy transition.

    Sequence of Measures

    2022

    2023

    2024

    Building System Affected

    • heating
    • cooling
    • ventilation
    Empire State Building Before
    Empire State Building After
    Add a Heat Exchanger between the mid and high zones to share load and optimize shoulder season chiller operation. Re-pipe jockey chiller to supplement low and mid zones and improve part load plant efficiency.
    Install new hydronic hot water coils in lobby AHUs, supplied by new WSHP that recovers heat from the condenser water loop. Install new condensate recovery system to supplement heating provided by WSHP.
    3-port valve to independently control the retail loop fro the building condenser loop and enable heating mode on tenant WSHPs.
    Phased reduction in steam usage for heating: new low temperature Heating Hot Water (HHW) riser (120F) supplied by central ASHP to serve existing AHU heating coils and new tenant VAV reheat systems.
    Automating start-up practices, convert medium-pressure steam riser to low-pressure steam, etc.
    ERVs to be installed on select floors to pre-treat incoming outdoor air to tenant AHUs.
    Convert existing electric water heaters to ASHP
    Implement static pressure and temperature resets; Optimize chilled water supply temperature and delta T (i.e. temperature lift); Eliminate simultaneous heating and cooling.

    The Empire State Building (ESB) energy model has been developed over the past 15 years. Each year, the energy model has been calibrated based on several factors including utility bills, hourly sub-metering, occupancy rates, new construction projects, etc. The energy usage breakdown showed that space heating, broadcast, and tenant loads were the largest contributors to energy usage. This analysis allowed the team to determine where there were the most impactful opportunities for improvement.

    The team narrowed down over 200 energy and carbon conservation measures (ECMs) to 60 that have potential to be implemented over the next 15 years. Each ECM was vetted to ensure technical feasibility and to determine its capacity to reduce energy consumption and further decarbonize the building. The energy modeler analyzed the ECMs through the baseline energy model to extract the associated energy, carbon, and cost savings.

    To facilitate a comprehensive comparative analysis, the ECMs were organized into five distinct packages. These packages were designed to include varying combinations and quantities of ECMs, enabling the team to examine their collective impact on carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction and Net Present Value (NPV). This strategic grouping allowed for an in-depth comparison of how different ECM assortments align with the project’s goals, offering insights into the most effective strategies for achieving substantial environmental and financial benefits. ESRT is in the process of installing phased, central heat pump systems in multiple buildings, including the Empire State Building, which will begin to reduce steam consumption at these properties. Pilots of energy recovery ventilators on office systems are underway across the portfolio to reduce energy consumption associated with ventilation and mitigate freeze risks. Installation of hydronic heat recovery systems at ESB, including steam condensate recovery, and a new water-to-water heat pump to recover waste energy and reduce steam consumption. 

    Project Reflections: 

    • Consistent rollout of high-performance standards is crucial. Key internal and external service providers (fit out designers, controls vendors, maintenance contractors, lease negotiators) require technical oversight to ensure all their work supports energy and carbon efficiency goals.
    • Small deviations of tenant designs from energy code and tenant design guidelines can build up to significant impediments to achieving carbon savings.
    • Small decisions add up to big impact. Consider long-term ROI and operational consequences of first-cost decisions on all projects. 
    • Central systems may present more opportunities for optimization based on automation and controls sequences.
    • Capture low hanging fruit – retro-commission & optimize controls for existing systems to eliminate waste energy, increase automation and improve part load efficiencies 
    • Exploit opportunities for heat recovery (e.g. ERVs, WWHPs, HXs). This mitigates the impact of electrification on peak electrical demand
    • Develop electrification pathway – even partial electrification can yield significant carbon reductions

    Making a business case for strategic decarbonization requires thinking beyond a traditional energy audit approach or simple payback analysis. It assesses business-as-usual costs and risks against the costs and added value of phased decarbonization investments in the long-term.

    Retrofit Costs

    Decarbonization Costs

    $40.7M

    Capital Costs of “CO2 Mid” measure package.

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Costs

    $4.2M / YR

    Energy cost savings: 3.7M / YR.

    Repairs & maintenance savings: 0.5M / YR.

    Avoided Risks

    Business-as-Usual Risks

    $0.9M / YR

    Avoided LL97 fines, starting in 2035.

    Added Value

    Decarbonization Value

    $11.8M

    Incentives.

    Net Present Value

    $4.3M

    Net difference between the present value of cash inflows and outflows over a period of time.

    A crucial component of the financial evaluation involved calculating the energy cost savings attributed to each energy and carbon conservation measure (ECM). These calculations were based on the energy savings predicted by the energy model and refined through detailed tariff analyses performed by project partner, Luthin Associates (now Energy by 5). Notably, the ECMs yielding the greatest energy cost savings were among the most technically challenging, such as the steam phase-out, select building envelope enhancements, and optimizing airside sequences to reduce simultaneous heating and cooling. A significant discovery was that transitioning to electrification—shifting from steam to electricity as a fuel source—does lead to cost savings. This is attributed to a strategic approach of first implementing ECMs that decrease the heating load, followed by adopting electric heat pumps. Heat pumps offer a higher heat output for each unit of energy input compared to electric resistance and traditional fuel sources, thus the increase in electricity costs is effectively compensated by the elimination of steam expenses.

    The calculation of individual ECMs’ Net Present Value (NPV) facilitated a rapid evaluation and comparison among them. The NPVs were instrumental in guiding the iterative process of ECM package formulation. Despite their substantial energy cost savings, the steam phase-out and building envelope improvements were among the ECMs with the most negative NPVs, primarily due to their high upfront costs. In assessing these measures, the team also considered their carbon reduction impact, simple payback period, system lifespan, and the cost per ton of CO2 saved, ensuring a comprehensive analysis of each ECM’s performance.

    In comparing financial outcomes across the five ECM packages, each was analyzed for both CO2 reduction potential and financial viability. Three packages emerged as NPV positive, while two were NPV negative; however, four packages projected a simple payback period within the study’s timeframe. The “CO2 Mid Reduction” package stood out, projecting a positive NPV of $4,349,957 and a simple payback period of 6.8 years. The implementation of this package would necessitate a capital investment of $40,672,466 (excluding escalation), yielding annual energy cost savings of $3,701,538 and additional operational savings of $546,000. This package’s feasibility is further supported by $11,795,328 in available incentives from Con Edison and NYSERDA, covering approximately 29% of the total required investment. The Decarbonization Roadmap section consolidates the principal financial metrics for all the packages examined, providing a clear overview for decision-making.

    An emissions decarbonization roadmap helps building owners visualize their future emissions reductions by outlining the CO2 reductions from selected energy conservation measures. This roadmap is designed with a phased approach, considering a 20- or 30-year timeline, and incorporates the evolving benefits of grid decarbonization, ensuring a comprehensive view of long-term environmental impact.

    Strategic decarbonization roadmap for Empire State Building

    While energy modeling was completed for all 5 packages of ECMs studied, the CO2 Mid Reduction Package was selected to form the Decarbonization Roadmap for the Empire State Building. This package strikes the best techno-economic balance and is in the process of being implemented. Nevertheless, certain ECMs from the CO2 High Reduction Package are highlighted for in-depth evaluation to ascertain their feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and performance metrics. Based on the results from upcoming pilot studies, these ECMs may be integrated into the long-term decarbonization strategy if they prove viable. Both the CO2 Mid and High Reduction Packages align with the Empire State Realty Trust’s (ESRT) objective to achieve an 80% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030, relative to the 2007 levels, and to comply with the medium and long-term emissions thresholds set by Local Law 97 (LL97) by 2035.

    A phased approach that strategically deploys energy conservation measures over the next 15 years can deliver an additional 14.5% reduction in annual building CO2 emissions, with a simple payback of 6.8 years. By the conclusion of the 15-year analysis period, projections indicate that the CO2 Mid Reduction Package will achieve a 64.8% reduction in energy use compared to the 2007 baseline, significantly contributing to the building’s sustainability goals. The most substantial energy savings within this package are anticipated to arise from Phases 1, 2, and 5, with steam phase-out highlighted as a separate component due to its significant impact. These phases are expected to contribute energy savings of 6.1%, 8.0%, and 5.7% respectively, underscoring their critical role in the building’s comprehensive energy reduction strategy.

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